AI & ML
Neural nets, LLMs, recommendations, image generation, and the machine logic underneath.
How Distributed Training Works
Training a frontier language model requires tens of thousands of GPUs working in concert. Distributed training is the engineering discipline that makes that possible, and it is as challenging as training the model itself.
How Autonomous Agents Work in AI
Give a language model the ability to use tools, browse the web, write and run code, and call other agents, and it stops being a chatbot and starts being something that can act in the world. Here's how autonomous AI agents actually work, and where they still fail.
How Function Calling Works
When an AI needs to check real-time data or take action outside its conversations, it uses function calling. This is the specific technical mechanism that lets language models output structured commands for external systems.
How Model Distillation Works
A 175-billion-parameter model knows a lot. Model distillation is the process of compressing that knowledge into a model a hundred times smaller, without losing most of what makes it useful.
How Chain of Thought Works
When you ask an AI to solve a complex problem, it often shows its work step by step. That reasoning does not happen automatically. Chain of thought is a prompting technique that forces the model to reason explicitly, and it changes the quality of answers entirely.
How Neural Networks Learn
A neural network starts as pure noise, random numbers that produce garbage. Through millions of iterations of making predictions, measuring mistakes, and nudging weights in the right direction, it learns. Here's exactly how that process works.
How AI Tool Use Works
When you ask an AI to check the weather or book a flight, it does not actually use apps. It generates structured data that tells another system what to do. Here is how AI tool use actually works.
How AI Hallucinations Happen
AI systems confidently state things that are completely false. This isn't a bug that will be patched , it's a structural consequence of how language models work. Understanding why hallucinations happen changes how you use these tools.
How Agent Memory Works
An AI agent that forgets everything after each conversation is like a doctor who can't remember any of their patients. Memory systems let AI agents carry context across sessions, learn from past actions, and get better over time.
How AI Guardrails Work
AI guardrails are the rules that stop language models from saying harmful things. They work by intercepting prompts, checking them against safety guidelines, and redirecting or blocking dangerous outputs before they reach the user.
How Transformer Architecture Works
Every major AI system you've used, GPT, Claude, Gemini, Stable Diffusion, is built on transformer architecture. Understanding the attention mechanism that makes it work changes how you think about what these systems can and can't do.
How Embedding Models Work
Embedding models turn words into lists of numbers that capture meaning. This simple idea powers search engines, chatbots, and recommendation systems. Here is how they work.